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Brazilian society is made up of a confluence of people of several different origins, from the original Native Americans, with the influx of Portuguese colonizers,〔Jansen, Roberta. ''Um Brasil europeu''. O Globo. 18 February 2011. p. 36. Cites the 2011 work of Prof. Sérgio Danilo Pena.〕 Black African slaves,〔 and recent European,〔 Arab, and Japanese immigration. Other significant groups include Koreans, Chinese, Paraguayans, and Bolivians. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Brazilian culture has promoted racial integration and mixing.〔Zaluar, Alba. ''Integração perversa: pobreza e tráfico de drogas''. FGV Editora, 2004. p.39〕 ==Historic background== The Brazilian population was formed by the influx of Portuguese settlers and African slaves, mostly Bantu and West African populations〔Gilberto Freyre. ''(Masters and Slaves )'' (translation of ''Casa Grande e Senzala''). pp. 304-318.〕(such as the Yoruba, Ewe, and Fanti-Ashanti) slaves into a territory inhabited by various indigenous tribal populations, mainly Tupi, Guarani and Ge〔Gilberto Freyre. ''(Masters and Slaves ).'' (Translation of Casa Grande e Senzala). p.92: ''As for domestic animals to be found among either of the two principal groups - the Tupís and the Gê-Botocudos -'', etc.〕 In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in what is known as Great Immigration,〔Marília D. Klaumann Cánovas. (A GRANDE IMIGRAÇÃO EUROPÉIA PARA O BRASIL E O IMIGRANTE ESPANHOL NO CENÁRIO DA CAFEICULTURA PAULISTA: ASPECTOS DE UMA (IN)VISIBILIDADE )〕 new groups arrived, mainly of Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and German origin, but also from Japan, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.〔Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. (O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 to 1972). ) in''Revista de Saúde Pública,'' volume supl, June 1974.〕 When the Portuguese reached what is now called Brazil in 1500, its native population was probably composed of about 2.5 million Amerindians.〔Sérgio Pena et alli. (DNA tests probe the genomic ancestry of Brazilians ). Introduction, first paragraph.: ''Little is known about the number of indigenous people living in the area of what is now Brazil when the Portuguese arrived in 1500, although a figure often cited is that of 2.5 million individuals.''〕 Up to 1532, the Portuguese made no real effort to colonise the land, limiting to the establishment of “feitorias” to organise the trade of brazilwood.〔() 〕 When it became clear that this policy would result in the land being taken by other European powers – namely the French and the Dutch – the Portuguese Crown decided to effectively occupy the territory by fostering agricultural activities – especially sugarcane crops – in Brazil.〔() Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972) p. 50.〕 This resulted not only in the growth of the population of Portuguese origin, but also in the introduction of African slavery in Brazil.〔 The population, however, only boosted in the 18th century, as a result of the discovery of gold and diamonds in the region known as Minas Gerais, which prompted massive populational movements from Portugal – as well as increased slave trafficking – to Brazil. During the colonial period, the Portuguese prohibited any influx of other Europeans to Brazil.〔Flávia de Ávila, ''Entrada de Trabalhadores Estrangeiros no Brasil: Evolução Legislativa e Políticas Subjacentes nos Séculos XIX e XX''. PhD thesis. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2003. pp 30. (Available (here ) (PDF file ).)〕 In consequence, the Portuguese and their descendants constituted the overwhelming majority of the White population of colonial Brazil.〔Flávia de Ávila, ''Entrada de Trabalhadores Estrangeiros no Brasil.'' (Available (here ) (PDF file ).), p. 31-32: ''Ser estrangeiro significava, em primazia, qualquer indivíduo que não fosse súdito da Coroa portuguesa, e os poucos que viviam no Brasil o faziam mais por razões aventureiras e individuais que coletivas ou resultantes de providências governamentais para aportarem em terras coloniais''.〕 However, in the Southern Brazilian areas disputed between Portugal and Spain, a genetic study suggests that the predominant genomic ancestry of the Brazilian Gaúchos (inhabitants of the Pampas) may be Spanish, not Portuguese.〔(O DNA dos Pampas )〕〔(História genética dos gaúchos : dinâmica populacional do sul do Brasil ). Our Y-SNP/STR data globally suggest, however, that the Gaúcho males have more similarity with the Spaniards than with the Portuguese. The history of Rio Grande do Sul is peculiar because, in the Colonial Era, the political control of the region alternated between the Spanish and Portuguese Empires (Flores 2003). These historical events can be associated to our findings, but some caution is needed since differentiation between Iberian Peninsula populations, as well as between them and their derived Latin American populations, at the Y-chromosome level, was not observed in other investigations.〕 Also a small number of Dutch settlers remained in the Northeast after the Portuguese retook Dutch Brazil〔Johannes Menne Postma, ''The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600-1815'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; ISBN 0-521-36585-6) ((here ) at Google Books).〕 and may have contributed to the demographic composition of Northeastern Brazil.〔(The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages )〕 Only in the 19th century, when the colonial relation between Brazil and Portugal changed and the polity was renamed “United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves”, was the immigration of non-Portuguese allowed. Even then, however, and even after the country’s independence in 1822, immigration to Brazil was mainly Portuguese, though a significant number of German immigrants settled in the Southern region.〔 In the mid-century, the crisis of the slave-based production in Brazil prompted the Brazilian elites to find new solutions for the work force needed for the expansion of Brazilian agriculture – especially the growing sector of coffee culture in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Race and ethnicity in Brazil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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